ECG Module on Myocardial Infarction & Ischaemia

http://www.cardiorhythmsonline.co.uk/collections/e-learning-modules/products/the-ecg-in-myocardial-infarction-ischaemia

Acute Inferoposterior MI Examples

R-wave Progression

• normal R-wave progression in the praecordial leads 
  • normal chest lead ECG shows an rS-type complex in lead V1 with a steady increase in the relative size of the R-wave toward the left chest and a decrease in the S wave amplitude. Leads V5 and V6 generally show a qR-type complex, with R-wave amplitude in V5 often taller than V6 because of the attenuating effect of the lungs. Normal variations include: narrow QS and rSr patterns in V1 and qRs and R patterns in V5 and V6
  • at some point, generally around the V3 or V4 position, the QRS complex changes from predominately negative to predominately positive and the R/S ratio becomes>1. This is known as the transition zone. In some normal individuals, the transition may be seen as early as V2. This is called early transition. At times, transition may be delayed until V4 to V5. This is called delayed transition
  • normal R-wave height in V3 is usually greater than 2 mm 
  • if the height of the r wave in leads V1 to V4 remains extremely small, we say there is "poor R-wave progression" In the literature, definitions of poor R-wave progression have been variable, using criteria such as R-wave less than 2-4 mm in leads V3 or V4 and/or the presence of reversed R-wave progression defined as R in V4
• poor R wave progression secondary to previous anterior myocardial infarction 
  • in anterior myocardial infarctions, this produces Q waves in the right and midprecordial leads (V1-V4) 
    • however, in a significant number of patients the Q waves do not persist
    • with previously documented anterior myocardial infarction, the reported estimate of poor Rwave progression on subsequent ECGs varies between 20% and 30%
    • average length of time for the complete disappearance of the abnormal Q waves is 1.5 years
    • the magnitude of the subsequent leftward forces is less than in patients with poor Rwave progression from other causes
    • on the ECG, this results in a diminuation of R-wave amplitude in standard lead I 

ST Segment Elevation Morphologies

1. Obliquely straight
2. Concave
3. Non concave (CONVEX)

ST depression & T wave inversion causes

1. LVH with strain pattern
2. WPW with pre-excitation
3. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)
4. Digitalis
5. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/CVA
6. Posterior STEMI
7. Ischemia (lead with upright QRS)
8. Ischemia (wellen's patterns)
9. Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
10. Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) 

Types of T-waves

How to calculate the QTc (Bazett's Formula)

LVH by voltage criteria - (Sokolow-Lyon Index)

P wave Abnormalities

1. Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE) or (p Pulmonale)
2. Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE) or (p Mitrale)
3. Right + Left Atrial Enlargement (p Biatriale)

Cardiac Axis Made Easy

Normal Axis = QRS axis between -30 and +90 degrees.

Left Axis Deviation = QRS axis less than -30 degrees.

Right Axis Deviation = QRS axis greater than +90 degrees.

Extreme Axis Deviation = QRS axis between -90 and 180 degrees.

Posterior ECG Lead Placement

Heart Blocks

First Degree AV Block

Second Degree AV Block - Type 1 (wenckebach)

Second Degree AV Block - Mobitz Type 2

3rd Degree AV Block (Complete Heart Block)

Ventricular Ectopics

NSR with isolated PVC

Multifocal PVC's

NSR with Ventricular Couplets

Ventricular Triplets (salvo)

Ventricular Bigeminy

Ventricular Trigeminy

Ventricular Quadrigeminy

Ventricular Pentageminy

Ventricular Hexageminy